Islamic Culture

MUSLIM CULTURE Muslim culture generally reflects the traditions and customs of Muslims that they adopt for a perfect and respectable life in the society according to the lessons of Quran. Muslim culture is a giant combination of diverse cultures, That’s because Muslims live in various countries all over the world. Most of the practices are common faiths and guidance for all Muslims no matter what country or even content they reside in.. These basic faiths and belives are based on the teachings of Islam. The Muslim culture is a subject of debate for many people who lives in different parts of the world and belong to diverse communities.Muslim culture represents the unification of brotherhood where all Muslims are bound to practice a common religious phenomenon. Source of this culture comes from the teachings provided by the Holy Prophet Mohammed (P. B. U. H) and Islam (Bouhdiba, 2003). Muslims are the followers of Islam and the Islamic (Abrahamic) religion. Word â€Å"Muslimâ €  originally comes from an Arabic term which means â€Å"Followers of Allah† because the Islamic religious deliver. Muslims believe on one God and admits that Allah is incomparable and Islam is a religion which provides them with a complete code of life.Teachings of Quran are unaltered revelations from Allah. Muslims enter the world of Islam from almost all races, cultures and nationalities around the globe. Muslims have diverse traditions, dress, foods and languages (Murray, 2004). The distribution of Muslims in the world varies in strength. About 15% Muslims are those who live in Arab countries. 5% of Muslims are in Africa. The world’s largest Muslim population lives in Indonesia. Significant parts in Asia are occupied by Muslim community. Almost all of the Central Asia is dominated by Muslims. Over one billion people in the world are Muslims.Muslims brought ancient civilizations of Rome, Persia, Egypt, India and Greece with them. Muslims preserved these cultures in their libraries and cities and cherished the great Islamic peace of art (Bouhdiba, 2003). The practice of Muslims is based on five pillars of Islam which are basically five obligations. These five pillars are Shahadah, Salat, Zakat, Sawm and Hajj. A life of a Muslim revolves around these five pillars of Islam. Islamic culture represents different aspects of Islamic life, which includes wedding traditions, clothing, foods, arts and crafts etc. (Kirabaev, 2000).There are many sources of a well-defined Muslim culture. Three of them are: Local tradition , The Hadith and , The Quran. Muslim culture is derived from Quran, Hadith and the local customs. The word Islam means submission to the will of Allah. Islam is considered to be the second largest religion having one billion followers. 2. 7% Muslim population have been recorded in the United Kingdom (Murray, 2004). Muslims have a faith that Islam revealed in Mecca (Arabia) about 1400 years ago. Islamic culture is a resource academia for the illustration of cultures and traditions of Islamic people.Arabs were the first to depict and demonstrate Muslim culture to the world. Islam originated in Arabia in the seventh century. Islamic empires have been expanded and Muslims got assimilation from different cultures like Indonesian, Berber, Malay, Indian, Pakistani, Turkic and Persian (Kirabaev, 2000). Arabs never used force to invite people from other religions into their sect. some embraced Islam in the reign of Holy Prophet P. B. U. H while many are converters. Arabic language is a common language of this religion. Arabians were living in deserts before the conquest of Islam and used science and art in their everyday living.Muslims have specific style of poetry and arts. Muslims have spread their language and religion through their way of life, arts and crafts as well as scientific fields. Arabians have developed different interests and tastes taking influence from other cultures mainly Persian and Greek. There are 22 countries in the Arab world with 180 million populations. Arabs can speak more than one dialect and share some common beliefs and values of Arab or Muslim culture. Majority of Arabs in Arab countries are Muslims. Many Arabs are Christians as well like in Egypt, Iraq, Palestine, Syria and Lebanon.Muslims and Arabs do not drink alcohol and eat anything which is Haram in Islam. Muslims observe Fast during the month of Ramadan. Muslim women used to wear scarfs on their head and cover their body with long dresses. Muslims offer prayer five times a day after observing ablution and then they recite Quran that provide them comfort to their soul. Islamic religion and the Arab culture provide emphasis on a good health and issued several ways and means to follow the tips of a good health by having a good diet and proper hygiene practices. Muslims have introduced a modern theme of medicines with a confidence in their way of treatment.In the Muslim world, elders are respected due to their exp erience. Men are the protectors of their family and women are required to show their obedient attitude towards men (Murray, 2004). Islam prohibits eating those foods and drinks which are considered haram or unlawful in this culture. It would be a sin if any Muslim commits a mistake eating and drinking forbidden foods and drinks respectively. Foods considered unlawful include pig meat, drinking alcohol and carrion. If meat is not slaughtered according to Islamic rules, it is considered unlawful. The place where the Islam originated is Mecca, Saudi Arabia.Muslims believe on prophets (one lac twenty-four thousand). For Muslims, the sacred building is mosque where they can pray and worship Allah. Major Muslim festivals are Eid-ul- Adha, Eid-ul-Fitr and Ramadan (Kirabaev, 2000). The prophet Muhammad P. B. U. H was born in Mecca in 570 A. D. in Saudi Arabia and is regarded as a Holy founder of Islam. The prophet Mohammad P. B. U. H was sent by Allah as a last prophet of Islam. However, Ad am was the first prophet of Islam. Many prophets came before Muhammad (pbuh) which includes Jesus, Jonah, Elias, Solomon, David, Aaron, Moses, Abraham and Isaac.Islam has different ideology for non-monotheist religions since relationship of Islam with religion like Hinduism varies depending on religious outlook. This variability persists today as well. Islam is a religion of liberty and open-mindedness giving the lessons of tolerance and patience (Murray, 2004). Islam forbids to pain on the living things. Islamic artists have developed an art of Arabic calligraphy. The calligraphers have learnt the art of calligraphy from Quran using Arabic language that expresses the beauty in the form of Quranic verses.Islamic architecture has covered religious and secular styles of architecture from Islamic foundation that has influenced the construction and designs of buildings in the culture of Islam. The architectural types in Islam are fort, palace, tomb and mosque (Kirabaev, 2000). Muslims b elieve in Allah, angels, holy books, prophets, the day of judgement and belief in predestination. Shia and Sunni are the dominant groups in Islam. Education is made to be a compulsory practice in Islam. Islam has its own political and economic theory and encouraged free trade policy.The economic system in Islam is based on the instructions and orders provided by Allah in Quran. Islam has favored democracy and liberty of thoughts. Muslims have incorporated different languages, arts and law from other religions but they preserved the integrity of Muslim culture and traditions till the end (Bouhdiba, 2003). Work cited: Bouhdiba, Abdelwahab. â€Å"The Different Aspects of Islamic Culture. † Springer Publishers,2003. Kirabaev, N. S. â€Å"Values in Islamic Culture and the Experience of History. † Routledge Publishers, 2000. Murray, Stephen O. â€Å"Islamic: Culture, History and Literature. † Springer Publishers, 2004. .

Raft2 Sentinel Event

Sentinel Event: Child Abduction Description of Event A three-year-old patient presented to the hospital for outpatient surgery of bilateral myringotomies with mother. After the patient was registered, consent for surgery signed by mother, and prepped for surgery, the mother gave the pre-op nurse her phone number and left to run an errand with instructions to be called if her daughter was finished with surgery sooner than expected. The mother was expecting the patient would be ready to go home in about 2 hours.The pre-op nurse stated that she wrote down the mother’s phone number in her own notepad to call her. The patient completed surgery and was taken to recovery. At this time the recovery nurse paged out to the waiting room for the mother as parents are encouraged to come back to the recovery area as the children come out of anesthesia. With no answer from the page and the patient awake and stable, the patient was then given to the post op nurse for discharge. The post op nu rse stated that the recovery nurse had tried to page the mother, but made no mention of trying herself.The patient was becoming upset because she had not yet seen her mother. The security personnel called informing the nurse that the patient’s father had arrived and the patient happily met the â€Å"father,† so the discharge nurse waited another thirty minutes before releasing the patient to the father as there was no sign of the mother. When the mother of the patient arrived thirty minutes after the patient had been discharged looking for the patient, security was called, an internal code pink was initiated and law enforcement notified.Security stated that the mother informed them she had full custody of the patient and that the parents were divorced. The patient was found within thirty minutes in the care of the patient’s father at home. No charges were filed against the father. Roles of Personnel Registrar: A hospital registrar â€Å"performs scheduling, reg istration, verification and reception for all outpatient surgical patients (Northeast Health, 2012). † A hospital registrar is very important to hospitals, as they are the people who obtain insurance and billing information so that the hospital can get paid for the services it provides.The registrar at Nightingale Hospital stated that she entered the patient’s demographics and insurance information, obtained consent to treat the patient, and copied the patients insurance card. She did identify that, as it is not standard process, she did not ask for any other form of identification from the patient’s mother or ask about custody. At most hospitals that deal with pediatric patients, a standard part of the registration process is to have the parent’s present identification and a social security card of the patient. This is one way to help identify the parents as the parents of the patient.While custody information does not have to be given, as part of the con sent for treatment there is a clause stating that the parents who bring the child in are the only people to whom the child will be released upon discharge. Usually an identifier is placed on the parents by registration, such as a matching wristband that has the patient information and says parent, which helps staff know who to release the patient too. As there is no such process in place at Nightingale Hospital to verify parent identification, the registrar completed her job and moved on to the next patient.Pre-Op Nurse: The pre-op nurse is responsible for getting the patient ready for surgery. From â€Å"assess patient’s status, to reviewing the chart, identifying the patient, verifying the surgical site and marks site per institutional policy, establishing IV line, giving medications, and providing emotional support (Nurselabs, 2012). † The pre-op nurse stated in her interview that she was very busy the day of the patient’s surgery and did her usual assessment s and patient preparation, however she did have to run around to track down a gown.The nurse also stated that she wrote the mother’s phone number down on a notepad that she carries with her at all times. The mother requested to be called when the surgery was complete. The nurse made no mention of passing the phone number off to any of the other nurses or making a note on the chart for the other nurses to see regarding the mothers wish to be called and the number she could be reached at. The nurse also stated that she did not ask for custody information and felt that the doctor’s office should be responsible to get and give that information to the hospital.Overall the nurse did her basic work to prepare the patient for surgery. OR Nurse: The next nurse to receive the patient and have contact with her was the OR nurse. This nurse â€Å"maintains aseptic technique, controls the environment of the OR suite, transfers patient to operating room bed or table and positions th e patient: function alignment, exposure of surgical site, applies grounding device to patient, ensures that the sponge, needle, and instrument counts are correct and completes intraoperative documentation (Nurselabs, 2012). The OR nurse expressed concern in her interview that there was a possibility of this type of incident happening in other areas or departments in the facility as the OR is not the only area that separates children and parents to do procedures or tests. Overall the nurse did not identify much of her role and interactions with the patient or other staff in her interview. It is therefore assumed she did her role as described above but nothing further. Recovery Nurse: After the OR the patient was then sent to the recovery nurse.His role is to â€Å"determine the patient’s immediate response to surgical intervention, monitor patient’s physiologic status, assess and reassess patient’s pain level and administers appropriate pain relief measures, mai ntains patient’s safety (airway, circulation, prevention of injury), and assess readiness to be discharged or admitted (Nurselabs, 2012). † The recovery nurse stated that he received report from the OR nurse and took care of the patient as described above. As the patient woke up he â€Å"paged† to the waiting area to have the mom brought back.She did not answer and as the patient was stable and awake he took her to the post op nurse. There was no mention of the recovery nurse calling the mother as she had expressed to the pre-op nurse. The recovery nurse did not appear to know of these wishes, have her phone number, or be aware that the mother was not going to be in waiting room. The lack of communication from one staff member to another becomes apparent at this point in the patient’s care. The recovery nurse did not have any ideas on how to improve the system, but did express concern over lengthy and formal hand off report among nurses.The recovery nurse did not think outside of the normal standard when it came to trying to contact the patient’s mother, however he did his job according to hospital standards. Post-Op Nurse: The last phase of the patient’s care was to be transferred to the Post-Op nurse for â€Å"continued monitoring of patient’s physical and psychological response to surgical intervention, provides teaching to patient and family for discharge (Nurselabs, 2012). † The nurse stated that she was informed that the recovery nurse could not reach the mother via page.There is no mention of her trying to obtain a phone number to reach the mother. The nurse expressed that the patient was very distraught over not having her mother there. When security notified her that a person who stated he was the father was there, the nurse agreed to let him in and the patient was very happy to see him. The nurse stated in her interview that she waited for the mother, but when she did not show agreed to discharge the patient to the father’s care. The nurse did not check any identification from the father that acknowledged he was in fact the patient’s father.While the nurse did not have a specific hospital policy to follow regarding discharge of a patient, there was no extra effort on the part of the nurse to contact the mother per her report. Had there been notification on the patient chart regarding custody or a phone number the nurse could have easily verified information and not let the patient leave or gotten the mother’s approval for discharge. The nurse adequately took care of the patient during her time in the nurse’s care, however her choice to discharge the patient home without the mother was a lapse in judgment causing an error that could have potentially harmed the patient.Security: A security officer at a hospital has many responsibilities and depending on the needs of the hospital those duties may vary. Overall the officer is supposed to â€Å"write daily reports regarding the activities and disturbances (if any) that occur during his serving period, checks lights, alarm system, windows, doors, and gates, gives access to family members to see their patients, responds to any fire alarms, violent patients, and assists with helicopter landings (Sandhyarani, Ningthoujam, 2011). The security officer at Nightingale Hospital was responsible for bringing the â€Å"father† of the patient to the post-op care area to meet the patient, as well as responding to the â€Å"code pink† and notifying law enforcement of the abduction. The officer expressed concern over the delay in time of reporting the abduction when in fact, the nurse was unaware that the mother did not know the child had been discharged. The officer had an idea for using the same alarm coded bands used in the OB department with any pediatric patient and placing sensors around the hospital.It is great that he is thinking of new ways to help improve the system fro m a security standpoint. The officer responded to the situation quickly and efficiently using the information and resources he had available at the time. In the end the child was found and he therefore performed his duty quickly and efficiently. Surgeon: The surgeon’s responsibilities include ensuring that the patient is a good candidate for surgery, preparing the parents and patients for surgery, performing the surgery, overseeing the patients care post surgery. The urgeon who worked on the patient at Nightingale Hospital stated that he is the #1 ENT physician at the hospital. That implies he is very good at what he does. He stated that his office had records that state the mother is the primary custody holder of the patient and that the hospital did not get those records. While the hospital could have obtained the records, simply adding the question to the registration process would rectify the situation. The surgeon is very angry that this incident occurred and he does hav e a right as this is his patient and if these things continue to happen he will not have patients.The surgeon role is the overseer of the patient’s care before, during and after surgery. The surgeon completed the surgery and care of the patient as part of his job. Chief Nursing Officer: This person is responsible for just about anything that happens in the hospital from a nursing standpoint. This means that anything that is going right or wrong they deal with. The officer usually sits on many different committees to help with improving and maintaining staff education, competence, patient safety, and hospital management.The officer was not involved in the sentinel event, however it will be her responsibility to form committee, to complete the documentation, and to develop a way to ensure the event does not happen again. Barriers There are many different barriers that can impede effective interactions among people. These include physical, emotional, communication, language and cultural barriers (Ivanov, Tatyana, n. d). Physical barriers include demand of the nurse’s jobs including being short staffed, time constraints, technology, and unable to do face to face hand off reports. Emotional barriers include stereotyping, fear, anger, frustration, and mistrust.Communication barriers can encompass all the types of barriers. This barrier inhibits people’s ability to speak so that others understand, not all the information is given, and an inability to fully listen to what is said. Language and Cultural barriers include not being able to understand someone due to an accent, different meanings of words when translated from one language to another, and not understanding or respecting cultural views or practices. In this situation all of the staff experienced some form of barrier during the course of the patients visit. The biggest barriers appear to be communication and emotional barriers.A lack of proper hand-off report from one staff member to the next and nurses who appeared to feel overwhelmed and unsure of themselves or what to do next contributed to the patient being discharged to the wrong parent. Ways to decrease the presence of barriers and improve the staff interactions include a standardized hand off report, decreasing use of jargon or slang, giving timely feedback, decreasing physical barriers and talking in person, and learning about other cultures (Neusom, Ruby, n. d. ). Knowledge is power and the more the staff knows the better equipped they will be to identify and handle barriers as they arise.Getting a team of nurses together from multiple departments to help develop a standardized hand off report for staff will ensure that important information is passed on and not missed. In this report, staff must relay vital information for that patient as well as give report in person so that technology and language are not barriers. This will allow the staff to work together to improve their areas and it allows them to ta ke ownership of the project, meaning they will be more likely to utilize the hand off process in the future.Another way to improve interactions is to include barriers as a topic of education in the annual risk management education that staff completes each year. By helping staff to see and identify potential barriers they can hopefully prevent them from impeding patient care in the future. Quality improvement Method The quality improvement is a concept that not only hospitals but companies all over the world have been using for a very long time. Quality improvement is the process of looking forward and backward at company, process, policy, and/or safety. It is simply the process of making things better or improving them.It can be done to correct something that went wrong or used to prevent something bad from happening in the future. The method the Nightingale hospital needs to utilize is the FADE method. Focus, analyze, develop, and execute/evaluate (Wiseman, Beau and Kaprielian, Vi ctoria S, 2005). While there are many different models available in the business world today, they all have the common theme of analysis, implementation and reviewing. Different businesses tend to have different needs and therefore no model is better than another. The FADE model is useful to the hospital’s root cause analysis as it gives guidance and direction.The reason this model was chosen was because of the ease of use, the detailed direction and instruction, and the completeness of the model. This model allows the staff or committees to look at all angles of the situation and work to improve it. It is a complex model not a basic simple one, which gives better instruction. The first step of FADE is to focus. This means the hospital needs to identify a problem within the hospital and write a problem statement to help narrow down what is being looked at. The current issue is how to prevent child abductions within the hospital.While the OR is where the current event happened , it can easily become an issue for other areas of the hospital who care for children. The next step is to analyze the data and determine influential factors. This means the hospital will need to compile lists of what information is important to this case and what information is not. Collect any data about patterns and things that influence the outcomes or contribute to the problem or solution. This is the time for the hospital to evaluate what went wrong that lead to the child being discharged to a person that potentially could have not been the child’s relative.The more data that is gathered and analyzed the better understanding and better outcome the hospital can hope for in fixing the problem. The third step is to develop a plan of action. After gathering and reviewing all the information provided regarding the issue at hand. The hospital must develop a plan that helps to solve the problem. This is the time when getting people from multiple departments and areas of the ho spital will be important as each area will have a different view point that may help develop a plan that works for the majority of the people.During this stage not only does a plan need to be made but also planning to implement the plan. New policies and procedures cannot be implemented over night and expect all staff to agree and utilize it. All staff must complete proper training regarding the new plan before it can be put into use. For the hospital a plan needs to be developed that includes the input of security, OR staff, ER staff, OB staff, radiology, and administration. As multiple areas of the hospital will be affected by the new plan for pediatric patients, all those working with them should be included in the planning process.Once a plan is developed to prevent child abduction from happening again, education of all staff will be required. The last step in the quality improvement method is execute and evaluation. After staff has been trained it is time to put the plan into a ction. This is the time when committees will need to be organized to continue to evaluate and monitor the progress of the plan, keep records of the impact the plan has, and most important execute the plan. As time passes the committees will need to continue to evaluate the plan for success.If it is successful then continued monitoring is all that is needed. If the plan is not successful then the quality improvement methods starts again. It is during this phase that the hospital will need to ensure that every aspect of the plan is in place in a timely manner so that it can be properly evaluated. In this stage maintenance of the equipment and technologies will need to be completed as well as any minor adjustments to the plan that need to be made to better serve the entire staff and ensure the safety of the pediatric patients.Overall quality improvement is vital to patient safety and necessary for the continued advancement and improvement of patient care. By utilizing this method the h ospital will be able to complete a thorough root cause analysis that focuses, analyzes, develops, executes and evaluates the success and failure of the hospital. The Joint Commission requires that all sentinel events be reported and that the hospital develop a reason and solution to the problem. This method allows the hospital to follow Joint Commission Standards ensuring they keep their Joint Commission Accreditation.Corrective Action Plan: The development of risk management officers and committees started when lawsuits and insurance premiums began to rise. The goal of these people was to establish guidelines in which to help reduce and prevent errors, increase safety, and decrease financial loss. While the committees work daily to accomplish these things by utilizing a process of identifying, analyzing, treating and controlling, and evaluating (Chubb Healthcare, n. d. ), it is important to note that all staff must take an active role in risk management to ensure the hospital maint ains its high standards of care.It is the responsibility of all staff to identify areas of concern and report to the risk management committee so that changes can be made. Annual education of all staff is required on this subject to ensure that everyone is doing all they can to decrease risk. A thorough risk management program includes policies and procedures on the running of a risk management committee as well as maintenance and changes to the company’s policies and procedures to ensure compliance and proper utilization. It also has formal incident reporting, tracking and trends, and staff education.These are the basics of a very complex program that helps to decrease risk in the hospital setting. The areas that need to be changed and addressed in regards to the Nightingale Hospital is the area of policies and procedures that are related to patient safety. In ensuring patient safety the hospital can decrease the occurrence of lawsuits, decrease insurance costs, and increase staff awareness. While the risk management committee will be doing much of the initial review of the incident and changes to the policies, other committees and staff must be included in the change process.These resources include quality assurance, administration, safety and security, legal, and nurses, physicians, and other ancillary staff. The risk management committee should be reviewing the hospitals policies and procedures on a routine basis, at least annually, to look for areas of improvement, compliance with Joint Commission standards, and changes in healthcare advancements that therefore make the policies outdated. This area of the risk management program is clearly not being followed if there is no policy or procedure in place to prevent child abductions from happening in areas outside of the OB department.The risk management committee needs to address this lapse in protocol by taking five simple steps. First a review of the incident that happened, second gathering resource s to help gain insight into the different areas of the hospital, third developing a new hospital policy, fourth implementing the policy and educating staff, and lastly reviewing the policy on a annual basis to ensure compliance and monitor the need for improvement (Chubb Healthcare, n. d. ). In doing these steps the risk management committee can decrease the potential for child abductions in the hospital.First the committee must review the formal incident report, looking at the who, what, where, when, why, and how of the situation. Review any prior claims, patient complaints, staff complaints, and quality assurance reports (Chubb Healthcare, n. d. ). These allow the risk team to identify the problem and start to pinpoint the areas that need changing. The risk committee will need to work closely with the quality assurance committee, who likely have already gathered much of this information.They also will be a resource with regards to the requirements of the Joint Commission standards and be able to help identify any missteps that are resulting in non-compliance. This step needs to be completed in a timely manner, the longer it takes to get the information the longer it will take to get a new policy in place. The risk committee should set a deadline of no more than one month to complete this step. It is more likely that the committee could complete this step in two weeks but as many members may be working on other projects at the time, the committee will be allowed one month to complete this step.Next the risk management committee must meet with the different resources available to discuss the changes that need to be made to patient ensure safety. During this time the committee will hear from the legal department, safety and security department, staff from all areas of the hospital, and administrative staff. The point of this step is to gather as many ideas for change and improvement as possible from as many different aspects. As child abduction prevention is no t just security’s responsibility it will be important to understand what all staff can do (CNA, 2006).The legal department will be able to give feedback on what the hospital can and cannot do to ensure that the hospital does not develop a potential lawsuit from the new policy or lack of any previous policies. The safety and security department will be a huge resource for the risk committee as their job is to ensure that everyone stays safe. The new policy will greatly impact the security department as they will be required to potentially perform â€Å"code pink† drills, research and obtain new monitoring and sensor equipment or even increase staff levels to accommodate the increased security measures.Ensuring that the safety and security department is working closely with the risk committee will be key to ensuring a policy that is beneficial to everyone. The administrative staff involvement will be important as they will be looking at the information from a corporate s tandpoint. Their input on the policy will be centered on what is best for the hospital and how it ties into the values and standards of the corporation as a whole. They also will know budgets available for changes that need to be made to staff or security systems.The administrative resource is important because they look at the whole picture. The last resource that the risk committee will be utilizing is the staff, both clinical and non-clinical staff. This includes input from physicians, nurses, maintenance, environmental, technical support, and volunteers. These are the front line defenders when an abduction happens. These are the staff members that are present when it happens. Their input is key to being able to ensure that a new policy will help prevent any future abduction.As these staff live the day-to-day responsibilities of caring for patients, their suggestions and points of view are important. Also by having staff involved in the planning process they will be more likely t o adopt the new policy and follow it, because it will make sense to them and fit into their needs for the hospital. By utilizing all these different resources a proper policy can then be developed. This step should only take two weeks to complete. Taking longer may cause delay in development of the policy that is needed.The thirds step is to develop the new hospital policy utilizing all the information gathered from the sentinel event, quality assurance committee, and the hospital resources. The new policy must meet Joint Commission requirements for standards of care and safety of patients, as well as the hospitals needs (Chubb Healthcare, n. d. ). During this time, research for any new technology or materials to implement the new policy must be completed and quotes for pricing submitted to administration for approval. When the risk committee writes the new policy it must be written in a way that everyone can understand.This step should take no more than one month to complete. The c ommittee should spend a week reviewing all the notes and information gathered from the first two steps, then one week gathering the pricing information needed to implement the plan and then two weeks to have a completed policy. Everyone on the committee and in administration must be aware of these deadlines so that the policy can be implemented in a timely manner and all approvals completed in the appropriate deadlines. Next, the risk committee must ensure the staff is educated on the new policy and implement the policy.Live classes and computer-based learning will be important to educate all staff in the hospital on the new policy, technologies, and equipment (CNA, 2006). It is during this time that any new technology, forms, or other materials must be installed, printed, and dispersed so that when training is completed it will be ready for staff to use. This includes but is not limited to new forms for registration, new matching armbands for the children and parents, sensors aroun d the hospital that connect with the sensors in the armbands of the children, increased security staffing, etc.This step may take up to two months to complete depending on the ability of the committees to get the materials needed for training as well as materials installed and dispersed. Lastly the risk committee must continue to monitor the policy and compliance for any issues that may arise and make changes accordingly. It is recommended that with any new policy the risk committee monitor progress, compliance, and whether it is working or not by compiling risk reports on â€Å"code pinks† or other child safety reports as indicated in the policy monthly for the first year.As the hospital becomes more comfortable with the policy and it is changed to fit the needs of the hospital, and the policy has not been changed for six months; the policy can go into the yearly review area. The quality assurance committee can then continue to monitor the policy for compliance, impact, and maintenance. This last step can take up to a year, if not longer to complete depending on the needs of the hospital. Conclusion In the end a child being abducted whether by a parent who does not have custody or by a stranger is an emotionally trying experience for any parent as well as the child.All measures must be taken to ensure that the sentinel event does not occur again. By working with the quality assurance committee to utilize FADE (focus, analyze, develop, execute/evaluate), the risk management committee to create a new hospital policy, and the entire hospital staff, this will hopefully never happen again. While there are always legal and financial issues involved when something happens to a patient to compromise their safety, care, or well being, it is important that the hospital learns from these mistakes and takes action to correct them for the future.

Sadh

After World War II there was a brief interlude when the United States led governments and peoples throughout the world in the belief that a new era of peace, disarmament, and the rule of law could emerge through working together in the United Nations. The cold war soon blighted that vision, and the world was frozen for forty years in the balance of nuclear terror. The end of the cold war and the demise of the Soviet Union caught most people by surprise, and they were followed by a brief period of euphoria in which optimistic notions circulated, many of them inspired by the apparent success of the first Gulf War.Among them were President George H. W. Bush's â€Å"new world order,† Madeleine Albright â€Å"assertive multilateral,† and a short-lived but widespread belief that the UN had at last come into its own. The century ended in general disillusionment over he prevailing disorder and violence. The events of September 1 1, 2001, and the reaction of the administration o f President George W. Bush have so far dominated the twenty-first century discussion of world order. Restart's statement reflects the concerns of this course.The attack on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon over a decade ago, on September 1 1, 2001, brought into sharp relief a new configuration of world power and opposition. After the collapse of the Soviet Union at the end of 1991, there had been much talk of a New World Order, emphasizing globalization, a ingle model of export-oriented economic development, liberalizing, human rights, democracy, and a global war on terrorism. Notions of a New World Order typically did not incorporate possible sources of opposition, or, when they did, it was with apocalyptic ideas like â€Å"the clash of civilizations. Some theories assumed that the dominance of the new order meant an â€Å"end to history,† that is, an end to the struggles between major powers and systems of thought that had marked international relations historically. September 1 1 demonstrated that we have not reached the end of history or a world without struggle, but it also demonstrated that imply dividing the world into clashing civilizations misses the new global configuration of power and opposition.The post-WI 1 world has been marked by a single superpower, the United States, which played an aggressive military role globally (especially after its invasion of Afghanistan in 2001 and Iraq in 2003 and, now, through drone warfare in multiple countries). It also has taken on outsized political and economic roles in the world. The post 9/1 1 world has also seen the emergence of key non-state actors, including ethnic groups, al-Qaeda, and many more. Since 2011, a key region, the Middle East and North Africa, has seen unprecedented popular uprisings, with citizens expressing pent-up anger against authoritarian regimes.The sass have been a period described by the word â€Å"globalization† but rife with powerful forms of localism. The purpo se of this course is pulls. With that goal in mind, the course first will analyze the earlier configuration of power that marked the second half of the twentieth century, how and why it crumbled, and how its disintegration laid the foundation for today. The main emphasis is on the creation of global economic interdependence in the twentieth century in a world politically divided.The interdisciplinary approach of the course stresses the interplay between two global structures, the world market and the hierarchy of states, and how the interplay of these structures has generated rules governing international life, â€Å"winners,† who have gained from these rules, and â€Å"losers,† who have felt the rules slighted them. In the latter part of the course, we will look at the structure of the world political-economy in the first decade of the twenty-first century, the role of imperial America, and events in the Middle East, including the recent popular uprisings and civil st rife.Requirements of the Course and Assignments: This course is designed to greatly improve students' critical-analytic reading abilities and their academic writing capabilities. To help students reach higher levels, the course requires substantial reading and writing throughout the term. Every student is expected to fulfill the following requirements: 1 . Readings. Students must read the assignments listed in the course schedule below prior to the Tuesday Section of the listed week (in Week One only, one reading will be due Tuesday and others, before the Thursday Section).The readings are presented somewhat differently from the methods used in many other classes. The assigned readings present the authors' own interpretations of how the twentieth century (or a part of it) unfolded. Their interpretations are important. As the course is interdisciplinary, the book authors include an economist, Stilling, who is a Nobel Prize winner; a leading political scientist at Harvard, Friend; an award-wining international historian from Columbia, Manager; and a noted historian of the Middle East, Kelvin. Interpretations in the assigned books often clash with those given in lecture, and they may contradict each other.In other words, students will have to make their way through conflicting stories f the making of the 21st century. Because the authors' interpretations are given as the authors presented them from beginning to end, they frequently do not line up chronologically or topically with the week-by-week class lectures. But students are challenged to compare and contrast over the course of the quarter the various narratives they hear in lecture and read in the books. Besides the books, there are some other additional secondary readings required. Additionally, the assigned documents will help students learn to read primary sources.The readings will be discussed by students and Task in weekly Sections. Students are required to bring to section the books being discussed, as well as printouts of ALL additional required documents and readings assigned for the week. 2. Short Papers. Each student will write three short essays of approximately 1-1/2 double-spaced, typewritten pages (12 point New Times Roman type, one-inch margins). The first paper will be on a reading assigned in Week Two, Francis Fauvism, â€Å"The End of History. † Part of the class session on Friday, January 17, will be on writing this paper.It is imperative, therefore, to read the Fauvism article carefully before the January 17 class session. The paper is due in section on Tuesday, January 22. The second and third papers can be on any readings to help you make your point. A presentation of opposing points of view and making a comparison of two works can lead you to good paper topics. In short, students are encouraged to compare and contrast different authors' ideas, even as the main focus is on a single reading. ) Papers may comment on how the author uses words, the construction of the argument, types of evidence, methods, etc.What the paper should NOT do is write about the topic of the reading; rather it should write on owe the reading treats or approaches its topic. For example, you would not want to write on the Cold War but on how Manager approaches the topic of the Cold War. The essay is to be submitted in person at the Tuesday Section meeting on the week the student chooses during weeks 2-9 of the quarter, as long as the paper is on the reading assigned for that week; no late submissions will be accepted and no papers will be accepted in which the student is not in attendance in the section. 3. New York Times. Every student must read the New York Times daily. . Research Paper. Each student will complete a research paper?typed, double- spaced, 12 point New Times Roman type, one-inch margins?on a country of his or her choice and approved by the TA. Each paper will focus on a topic that falls in the period from World War II to the present. The aim is NO T to write on current events but on events or trends in the past that can help give essential background for understanding today's news. Library research using scholarly books and Journals (not newspaper articles) will be the backbone of the assignment (at least three journal articles and two books should be used heavily in the research).Each paper ill be organized around something puzzling in that country political, economic, or social experience at some time in the latter half of the twentieth century or the first few years of the present century. That puzzle will be expressed in a â€Å"why question,† which will be substantiated by qualitative or quantitative evidence. Students will develop an answer to that â€Å"why question,† which will be the argument of the paper, including further evidence to support that argument. A number of aids are available for researching and writing your papers.The most important is your TA. You also can receive help from SOUL reference librarians. The Jells/Political Science writing center http://depth. Washington. Du/surprise/index. HTML can be of great assistance. The Center is in Gown 111. Please note that the tutors in the Writing Center can help you with problems of organization, clarity, composition, and grammar only; they are not equipped to comment on the substantive content of your paper. You can also receive feedback on your paper ideas and substantive content at CLUE sessions.All papers must be written in MS Word, double-spaced, using Times Roman 12 point font. The due dates for the paper are as follows (late papers will be penalized): a. A 1-2 page research proposal with references. Librarians will be in class on January 10 and 17 helping you get started on your paper, explaining what is entailed in a research proposal, detailing the precise assignment, and offering practical lessons on undertaking the research. The research proposal is due in class on January 16. D. First draft (approve. 5-6 pages), due on February 6.Papers must be sent via email to your TA and members of your study group by 5:00 p. M. , February 6, for peer comments by other Study Group members. Members of the Study Group will provide Track function in MS Word. Members should provide general comments and inter- linear comments in the text itself. E. Second draft (approve. 6-8 pages), revised by incorporating the suggestions and criticisms of the Study Group members, due in TA mailbox in Thomson 411 on February 17 by 5:00 pm (the doors to the mailbox close at 5:00). F.Third and final draft (approximately 8-10 pages), revised and expanded by incorporating the suggestions and criticisms of the TA and Study Group members, due March 3, 5:00 pm, in Tat's mailbox, Thomson 411 (or you may give the paper to your TA in person after lecture on that day). 5. Quizzes. In place of a mid-term, there will be weekly quizzes in the course, mostly geared towards that weeks reading. The quizzes are motivational tools to help stud ents keep up with the reading. The quizzes will be available for you to take and submit on the course website each Monday, 5:00 pm to midnight. . Final Exam. The final exam, Wednesday, March 19, 2014, 2:30-4:20 pm, in our regular classroom, will include short and long essay questions and identifications. A series of long essay questions will be available before the exam, from which two questions will be selected to actually appear on the exam. Questions will include materials from lecture, readings, and the New York Times. There will also be a geography question (see below). Students may bring a single page of personal notes to the exam.All students must bring blue books to the exam. 7. Maps. Everyone must learn the basic political map of the world, as well as natural sites, such as bodies of water, that have been critical to international relations. There will be a map section on the final exam. Consult atlases and maps online regularly! 8. Study Groups. All students will participa te in Study Groups to be formed the first week during Section. Study Groups should meet face-to-face at least once a week to discuss readings, papers, and ideas. They are important sounding boards.Each Study Group will also set up an e-mail list, including all its members, as a way to communicate frequently about assignments, readings, and ideas presented in lecture. Final grades will be determined on the following basis: 2nd paper draft 10% Paper proposal 2% Peer review of others' papers 4% 3rd paper draft 25% Three response papers 21% (total) Pop quizzes 18% (total) Final exam 20% Participation in section is highly valued: the computed grade from the factors above will be adjusted up to 0. Grade points up or down on the 4. 0 scale based on participation in sections.

Investigating a Social Marketing Issue (Road Safety) - Making calls Case Study

Investigating a Social Marketing Issue (Road Safety) - Making calls during driving - Case Study Example It has become increasingly common to see people talking of their cellphones while driving. This has become a source of distraction while driving and thus increases the likelihood of accident rates. In many states, using cell phones while driving has become illegal considering the increasing rate of road accidents caused by distracted driving. Despite this many people use cellphones while driving. The first video is a shocking reminder of what call happen when a person uses cellphone while driving. The main reason why cellphone are prohibited while driving is because they distract the driver. The driver, at times, tends to lose focus on the road and this often leads to road accidents that are often fatal like in this particular case. The video appeals to the emotions of the viewers. The crying mother moves the viewers and they can feel her helplessness at such a needless death. The driver, in this video, is kept anonymous but one can develop a mental image of a busy woman who felt that she could not live without her cellphone even for one moment. The second link in this case study provides a very interesting debate. There are many who are not against the concept of using cell phones while driving. They argue that cell phones are not a source of distraction if used smartly. One of the people who replied to the thread commented that he was replying to the post while driving. This debates calls us to question whether laws against cellphone usage while driving are enough to deal with the issue because drivers are still careless. Younger people seem to be more at risk. This is mainly because young people are more addicted to their cell phones than any other people. Another reason behind this fact is that young people are not aware of the depth of the issue. Peer pressure further aggravates the problem. According to a survey conducted by CDC, 69 percent drivers between the age of 18 and 64 used their cell phones while driving (CDC,

International Trade and Finance Law Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

International Trade and Finance Law - Assignment Example However, besides the vivid opportunities, the global exposure practices have also been observed to impose certain threats and constraints upon the organisations. For instance, organisations intending to expand in the global context may face various types of legal risks owing to the differences pertaining to the regulatory framework of the home country and the host nation. It is in this context that international trade laws, in terms of industry specific concessions and Foreign Direct Investments, often tend to constrict the expansion programs of organisations (Johnsrud, 2011). Based on these aspects, the discussion intends to briefly discuss the international trade laws and the related risk factors that are quite likely to be faced by Cowan Davies (CD) PLC when expanding its business operations in South East Asia. Moreover, the discussion also focuses on identifying major risks of trade and finance that are probable to be faced by CD in its planned expansion to South East Asia. Brief Description of Legal Risks in International Trade and Finance Legal risks are often perceived to be a few of the fundamental issues faced by organisations when conducting processes related to international trade and finance. It is in this context that over the past decades, laws related to trade affairs and business operations have developed apparently, which has also imposed a significant influence on the organisational operations. For instance, in early decades of the 18th century, businesses were largely focused on national contexts rather than on foreign environments apart from the export and import functions. With the gradual increase in the globalisation effects, organisations became more concentrated on expanding their businesses in foreign countries in order to attain the virtues of added resource availability and increased market demand. However, owing to the distinctive cultural backgrounds and business procedures, various regions developed dissimilar trade policies which later cropped up as a fundamental reason for international trade related conflicts (Schmitthoff & Cheng, 1937). For instance, the legal framework followed by the South East Asian economies to facilitate international trade has been observed as quite different from that practiced by the western countries. Where the organisations operating in America, England and other allied western countries need to abide by the norms specified by North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), the companies operating in the South East Asian region needs to follow the rules and regulations specified by the Association of Southeast Asia Nations (ASEAN). Supposedly, the policies followed by the two international trade related treaties are distinct in terms of their characteristics which might give rise to conflicts and legal issues in case of global exposure (Johnsrud, 2011). With this concern, there are various trade and finance risks identifiable, which could affect the export activities of CD for its expansion in the South East Asian region. It is worth mentioning in this context t

Cautions or Side Effects of Herbs Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Cautions or Side Effects of Herbs - Assignment Example Through scientific methods, the medicinal properties of numerous herbs have been extracted, analyzed, and synthesized to produce the pharmaceuticals we rely upon today (â€Å"History of Herbs†, 2004). Tinctures, extracts, capsules, teas, lozenges, and ointments are all included in the pharmacopeia of products derived from the cultivation of herbal remedies (â€Å"History of Herbs†, 2004). It is estimated that 80% of the world’s population use herbal remedies as a part of their primary care practice and is a major component of medical care in indigenous populations (â€Å"History of Herbs†, 2004). Herbalists typically use the whole plant to create their remedies, which is not the practice in modern medicine since pharmacologists identify, isolate, extract, and synthesize individual components to use only the active properties (â€Å"History of Herbs†, 2004). ... John's Wort, and Valerian root (â€Å"Safety Issues with Herbal Medicine†, 2011). These herbs are used for a variety of purposes, including strengthening of the immune system, treatment of migraines, to treat hypertension and hypercholesterolemia, improvement of circulation and cognition, treatment for mild depression or mood disorders, and as a sedative (â€Å"Safety Issues with Herbal Medicine†, 2011). However, these herbs all have dangerous side effects that are not indicated on the label, which include allergic reactions, headache, dizziness, restlessness, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, bilateral subdural hematomas, transient nervousness, excitation, insomnia, inability to concentrate, hypertension, epistaxis, mania, gastrointestinal discomfort, localized numbness, dry, scaly skin, discoloration of the skin and nails, photosensitivity, eye redness, photophobia, diplopia, nervousness, irritability, psychosis, seizures, stroke, premature ventricular contraction, myocardi al infarction, and death (â€Å"Safety Issues with Herbal Medicine†, 2011). These side effects can occur from using these herbs alone, but these effects can be significantly worse if used in conjunction with prescription or over-the-counter medications. Fugh-Berman reviewed studies conducted regarding the effects of the most frequently used herbal supplements, many of which are named above, uses of Use of herbal remedies in conjunction with other medications may result in the herbs mimicking, magnifying, opposing, or suppressing the effects of the drug (2000; Woodward, 2005). The study conducted by Niggeman & Gruber indicates the death of an asthmatic 29 year old male wile undergoing acupuncture and

Achievement Motive Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Achievement Motive - Essay Example With the specific focus on whether or not knowledge of achievement motive would be of any value to expatriate managers in Madruga’s Singapore subsidiary, the report will argue that even though it is of value, the said value can only be realized if pre-existing achievement motive knowledge is adjusting to correspond with the culture in question. Worker motivation can be either internal, brought about by the personal interactions with his own set of beliefs about what will satisfy his needs, or external, brought about by interactions with one's environment. Motivation can result from something as complex and volatile as how a person's attitudes were formed in the womb and in the crib, to how a supervisor uses language and the meanings of words in describing tasks and providing feedback (Sullivan, 1988). In reality, it appears that the dynamics that move a worker toward particular activities come from a constant interaction between both internal stimuli and external stimuli. Concurring, Vroom (1964) indicates that managers must understand the principles of motivation, and, in fact, must create the right kind of motivational environment, in order to ensure that employee activities result in preferred organizational outcomes. This fits very well with Maslow's suggestion (1954) that in order to determine human needs and identity, it is necessary to set up special conditions that foster expression of these needs and capacities. Issac, Zerbe, and Pitt (2001) agree, suggesting that organizational leaders must determine their follower's interests, aspirations, and goals of both a short and long-term nature and creativity frame the organizational vision in such a way that the follower perceives congruency between personal and organizational ends. Gellerman (1963) goes so far as to describe managements "great task" as shaping the environment into a stimulus instead of a suppressor.  

What impact does emotional intelligence have upon communication in Essay

What impact does emotional intelligence have upon communication in social work organisations - Essay Example Emotional intelligence enables an individual to be emotionally competent, which is essential for efficient social interaction and communication. Emotions are essential in communication, conveying information of what people are thinking, their intentions, and in facilitating social encounters (Kelter and Haidt, 2001). Caregivers must develop the art, listening openly and sending convincing responses. This entails recognizing emotional signals and clues and understanding their meaning and context. Social workers must listen with the aim of developing a mutual understanding with the client and should be ready to welcome the sharing of information fully with the client. A person with positive emotional health is highly social (Argyle and Lu, 1990) whereas a person with negative emotional health is antisocial and keeps other people at bay (Furr and Funder, 1998). Positive emotions in service provision have a desirable effect independent of interpersonal relationships that result in greater work output, persistence, and enhanced cognitive abilities. A caregiver with positive emotions is able to influence social care users in a more positive way, which can enable them make positive changes in their lives. Positive emotionality enables social-work care givers respond to aggressive behaviours directed to wards them in a calm, non aggressive and even polite manner. This requires a very high degree of emotional restraint and care givers who are not emotionally mature or who have no experience will respond aggressively breaking and blocking the communication channels with their clients. Negative emotions are counterproductive and lead to poor interpersonal relationships, lack of job focus, and society to have very negative perception of caregivers and welfare programs. Optimistic social workers are able to make cognitive evaluation of a situation, make adaptive coping strategies to deal with stressful situations and

Vienna, Austria Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Vienna, Austria - Essay Example The researcher of this essay aims to provide a brief description of Vienna, that is the capital of Austria and also one of the nine States of Austria. The population of Vienna is 1.6 million today, so that Vienna is the largest city of Austria as well as its cultural, economic and political center. The city lies on both sides of the River Danube, and only 60 kilometers off Austria's Eastern border. Vienna lies in the South East corner of Central Europe and is close to the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Hungary. The Wienerwald (Vienna Woods) and the foothills of the Eastern Alps begin shortly after the western suburbs of Vienna. The city was the capital of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy between 1867 and 1918. Today, Vienna city is composed of 23 districts, which though have their own names, are also numbered. However, the elections in these subdivisions are held on the district level, which gives the representatives the political clout. The researcher states that Vienna is famous for bea utiful architecture and breathtaking buildings, history and culture. Cafà © Society, the place to take a break from sightseeing, was invented in Vienna. One of the attractions of Vienna is State of Opera, that was built in the late 1800s. At once the Inner city was surrounded by defensive walls known as Innere Stadt, today it is within Ringstrasse, that is a broad boulevard, lined with imposing buildings, monuments, and parks, such as Gothic St Stephen's Cathedral, which has 113 m steeple that can be seen from most parts of Vienna. (Austria, 1) In Vienna a number of United Nations offices and various international institutions and companies are located. Some of these major institutions are: United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) (Vienna, 1). Vienna has a long tradition of art and culture in the areas of theatre, opera, classical music and fine arts. Burgtheater together with its branch, the Akademietheater, is considered to be one of the best theatres in the German-speaking world. The other theatres offering high quality entertainment are: Volkstheater Wien and the Theater in der Josefstadt. There are also other many theatres offering excellent quality in performing arts like modern, experimental plays or cabaret. Two theatres, Staatsoper and the Volksoper offer great opportunities to the Opera lovers. At Wiener Musikverein, the well -known theatre, concerts of classical music are performed. The Theater an der Wien has become famous in the recent years for hosting premiers of the musicals. Even in many Roman Catholic churches in central Vienna a number of religious and other music is organized. Vienna is famous for its glorious architecture. The buildings are made with beautiful designs of Gothic, Renaissance, Baroque, and typical Austrian Biedermeier styles. The Secession, Karlsplatz Metropolitan Railway Station, and the Kirche am Steinhof by Otto Wagner rank among the best-known examples of Art Nouveau in the world. The Lipizzaner stallions of the Spanish Riding School, the Vienna Boys' Choir (Wiener Sngerknaben), Wiener Schnitzel, Sachertorte, and various pastries, including the bagel are some of the other special features of Vienna. Viennese Kathreintanzn is the best-known folk dancing of Vienna. In the Vienna city, also located are a number of educational institutes, universities, professional colleges and gymnasiums. There are a number of museums in Vienna of which the most famous is Hofburg, the former imperial palace that was built during the 13th century (Austria, 1). The treasury of this museum holds the imperial jewels. Kunsthistorisches Museum is located directly opposite to Hofburg; it houses a number paintings made by the old masters. Then there is Leopold Museum that displays works of the Viennese Secession, Viennese Modernism and

Micrsoft Technologies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Micrsoft Technologies - Essay Example In addition, these applications help in tracking invoices and paying or receiving bills, and performing duties of an office assistant such as offering reminder for important meeting, or time for acquiring new set of supply i.e. used as digital assistant interface. Mobile applications in business have a number of limitations. Firstly, these applications are small in size to be able operate within small memory and storage space available in the phone, and hence cannot handle large volumes of data. Secondly, mobile phones use Wi-Fi protocol to transmit data. Thus, most of the applications are susceptible to viruses. Lastly, some mobile phone applications for businesses are constantly evolving and very complicated to use, and therefore ordinary business may have find problematic to employ in their businesses. Microsoft Access, also called Ms Access, is database management application under the Microsoft office suit. It is a useful information management application that primarily stores data, allows analysis of the stored data and has mechanism for reporting information of the stored data. It is handier in managing large amounts of data that would otherwise be inefficient to handle with spreadsheets. In addition, MS acess allows an individual to store multiple related data together, create relations, allows automation of repeated processes through Macros, and eliminates unnecessary duplication of data which would otherwise jeopardize the accuracy of any analyzed data. Ms Access has inadequacies despite its ability to provide database solutions for small and medium business entities. It can only support databases, records and fields, of up to 2 GB and a maximum of 255 simultaneous database connections. For it to support larger quantities of data i.e. greater that 2GB and connections exceeding 255, the tables and applications should be

Enzyme Inhibitors in Breast Cancer Therapy Coursework

Enzyme Inhibitors in Breast Cancer Therapy - Coursework Example Among all of the different types of cancer, breast cancer is the highest cause of death in women between the ages 20 and 59, having been responsible for 32 percent of all new cancer cases in 2003. In most patients, the metastases at distant sites of the body become the main cause of death. The rates of metastasis and mortality in breast cancer patients have recently decreased with the aid of early diagnosis by mammographic screening and the implementation of adjuvant therapy. Aromatase inhibitors may be used as adjuvant therapy, first-line, second-line or even third- line therapy (Cunnick et al 2001). Third-line therapy uses the medicine if patients relapse after the second treatment, which followed an initial treatment. Adjuvant therapy, on the other hand, aids in the eradication of breast tumor cells that might have already metastasized to different organ systems by the time of diagnosis. Cancer cells are characterized as having the ability to be viable under stressful conditions. Growth and survival factors activate a variety of intracellular signal transduction pathways; these pathways play a critical role in the regulating growth, differentiation, and senescence, and have been found to prevent apoptosis under many circumstances (Ripple et al 2005). The ability of cancer cells to metastasize to other organ systems results in smaller chances of curing the disease. Common phenotypes of metastatic cancer cells have been found to be (1) unregulated growth and survival, (2) decreased cell to cell adhesion, (3) increased ability in degrading the extracellular matrix, and (4) increased motility (Zhang et al 2005). Cancer cells have been found to possess altered apoptosis signals, which are transduced by the p53 tumor suppressor gene. The said gene regulates the expression of multiply apoptosis-inducing proteins that act upon the mitochondria. Normal cells are induced to apoptosis through the intrinsic pathway, where cytochrome c is released from the mitochondria. The liberated cytochrome c binds to apoptotic protease, activating dactor-1 (apad-1), which assembles into an oligomer called the apoptosome. The apoptosome then recruits and activates caspase-9, which triggers a proteolytic cascade, resulting in cell death. In cancer cells, excessive mitotic signals activate the intrinsic pathway, as a result of mutations within signaling pathways (Mashima et al 2005; Ripple et al 2005).

Communications Plan Essay Example for Free

Communications Plan Essay The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and TSA awarded a $37m grant for expansion projects at Denver International Airport. These funds are being used for the master plan projects. Approximately $11.6m will go towards rehabilitating runway 8/26, and over $1.7m will be used to improve the taxiway system surrounding Jeppesen Terminal. About $8.7m will be used to upgrade runway 16L/34R. About $15m from the TSA grant will be spent on improving the airports baggage screening system. Stakeholder Analysis To examine the role of the airport stakeholders a precise definition of stakeholders and their goals for the airport is necessary. The purpose of this section is to identify the airport’s goals from the point of view of each stakeholder group. 1) Passengers For passengers, the airport provides a transition point between the ground and air transportation modes, or a connection point between two flights. Different sub-types of passengers have been identified (Neufville Odoni 2003): 1) Arriving passengers 2) Originating passengers 3) Transfer passengers 4) International and domestic passengers 5) Charter and low-fare airline passengers 6) Shuttle/commuter passengers These passenger types are not mutually exclusive; rather, an individual passenger may be a member of more than one subtype of passenger categories. Arriving and originating passengers are commonly referred to as origin and destination (OD) passengers. Independent of the passenger classifications according to the above attributes, the passengers may be viewed in two different capacities in the context of this analysis. First, passengers can be viewed as participants in the economic system, either as business travelers or as tourist/leisure travelers, purchasing services from airport service providers and interacting in different ways with local businesses and the local community. Second, passengers can be viewed as individual travelers that have expectations about receiving quality services, and passing through the airport system in a convenient manner. These two perspectives have different implications on the goals for the airports and will be treated separately in the following subs ections. a) Passengers as Economic Participants Passengers may participate in the economic system in one of several ways: 1) As origin leisure/personal travelers: These are passengers from the local community that use the airport as their departure point for leisure or other personal travel. 2) As origin business travelers: These are travelers representing local businesses, using the airport as their departure point. 3) As destination leisure/personal travelers: These are visitors to the region, for tourism or other personal purposes. 4) As destination business travelers: These are business travelers coming to visit local businesses. If the airport’s traffic is heavily geared toward OD traffic, then demand at the airport is more heavily dictated by the local economy. In contrast, significant connecting (transfer) passenger levels are less sensitive to the performance of the local economy, but those traffic volumes may represent vulnerability for the airport since they are to a greater degree dictated by a carrier’s viability and route decisions. Passengers contribute toward the financing of airport capital improvement projects through Passenger Facility Charges (PFCs) of up to $4.50 per passenger. PFCs are paid directly by passengers through airline tickets and proceeds must be used for capital improvements at the airport that collected them (Wells Young 2003). The goals for passengers as economic participants relates to the cost of travel: Providing access to low airfares is a key objective for the airport in the view of air passengers. b) Passenger as Travelers When considering the passengers as travelers as a stakeholder group, the focus is on the passenger as an individual. The goal of the airport from the individual passenger viewpoint is, moving passengers quickly and conveniently to where they need to go. This view considers the airport as a transit point from one mode of transportation to another, or as a connection point between two different flights. Ensuring on-time performance was raised as the most important aspect to achieving this objective. 2) Business, Commerce, Tourism, Arts, Sports, and Education Organizations The organizations that in various ways are customers of the airport have been summarized as â€Å"business, commerce, tourism, arts, sports, and education organizations†. Some organizations are direct users of the airport by importing or exporting services (i.e. business travelers) and goods (raw materials or finished goods). Other organizations are indirect customers of the airport as a result of their custome rs (e.g. tourists) traveling through the airport. The term â€Å"organizations† is used to encompass both for-profit and not-for-profit organizations. Organizations Organizations whose clients arrive through the airport Organizations that are direct users of the airport Importers of services and goods Exporters of services and goods The airport serves as an engine of business activity for the organizations in the region. The airport drives and supports economic activity in several different ways, including both through business activities directly at the airport and through business activities throughout the regional economy (Button Stough 2000). Underlying goals for maximizing this economic activity include maximizing passenger volumes and traffic at the airport as well as maximizing the number of destinations served and the frequency of those services (Matt Erskine, Greater Washington Board of Trade 2009). As a result of the different types of use of the airport described in the previous paragraph, the priority of one goal over another varies between organizations. 3) Air Carriers Air carriers provide the air transportation service from the airports. Air carriers include both passenger and cargo carriers and are classified into three subcategories (Environmental Protection Agency 2000): 1) Large certified carriers: These carriers have a certificate to carry 61 passengers or more, payload equal to or greater than 18,000 pounds, or conduct international operations. 2) Small certified carriers: These carriers fly aircraft that carry less than 61 passengers, carry less than 18,000 pounds, and do not conduct international operations. 3) Commuter carriers: These are air taxis with a published schedule of at least five weekly round trips between at least two airports. Air carriers select airports based on the passenger demand for service to/from the airports (i.e. revenue generation potential) and based on the cost of operating at the airport. The airlines have the objective of achieving high yields, (Doganis 2002). Airports serve the role of providing access to high yield markets. Attractive airports ensure low cost of air carrier operations at the airport. This includes both minimizing direct fees charged to air carriers through the maximization of non-aeronautical revenues (Dallas Dawson, Tampa International Airport 2009) and minimizing costs incurred by air carriers through delay on the ground (Peter Stettler, Ricondo and Associates 2009). An airport may serve either as a hub for a carrier, with a high portion of that carrier’s flights operating to/from the airport, or as a non-hub airport with a lower portion of flights for a given carrier (Belobaba et al. 2009). In either situation, the airport should act as an efficient hub/connection point, contributing to ensuring air carriers’ on time performance (Pat Oldfield, United Airlines 2009). In addition, it is the expectation of air carriers that airports ensure safety of operations on the airport surface (Kurt Krummenacker, Mood ys 2009). 4) General Aviation Users General aviation encompasses many types of aviation outside the air carrier definition, including (Wells Young 2003). 1) Air taxi operators (except those air taxi operators listed in section IV.A.3) 2) Corporate-executive transportation 3) Flight instruction 4) Aircraft rental 5) Aerial application 6) Aerial observation 7) Business 8) Pleasure Several of the goals listed for air carriers also apply to general aviation in terms of on-time performance, low costs, and safety. However, a representative of a business aviation organization defined the primary goal of airports as serving as access point to the national air transportation system by providing good availability and high capabilities in terms of instrumentation and services (Jeff Gilley, National Business Aviation Association 2009). 5) Airport Organization The airport organizational structure varies (Neufville Odoni 2003) and can be comprised of an individual airport such as Dallas Fort Worth Airport (DFW) (DFW Airport 2009) or as a group of airports managed by the same organization, such as the Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority (MWAA) (Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority 2009). The airport organization is overseen by a board appointed by local governments. In larger airports or systems of airports, a common feature is that the organization includes a separation of operating units which carry out on-going management of airport operations, and they are separate from staff units which have responsibility for (among several other areas) infrastructure development (Neufville Odoni 2003). The airport itself pays for some capital infrastructure projects. Airport operating revenues come from sources such as landing fees, terminal leases and proceeds from concessions sales. This revenue is used to pay for the airport’s operating expense, but any surplus can be used to contribute toward capital improvements. A set of goals for the airport organization can be derived from studying airports’ strategic plans and objectives and from interviewing airport management experts. The primary objective (sometimes referred to as the â€Å"mission†) of the airport is to provide access to high quality air services to its region. Other goals, such as ensuring strong financial performance and high operational efficiency, are considered as â€Å"means to an end† in that they enable the airport to achieve this overarching goal (DFW Airport 2008; Hillsborough County Aviation Authority 2006). A summary view of the airport’s goals is presented using the structure of Denver International Airport’s strategic plan (Denv er International Airport 2009): 1) Excel in airport management: This goal includes: a) Achieve high security and safety (City of Cleveland, Department of Port Control 2007; Denver International Airport 2009; Hillsborough County Aviation Authority 2006) b) Grow revenue and manage costs (City of Cleveland, Department of Port Control 2007; Denver International Airport 2009; DFW Airport 2008; Hillsborough County Aviation Authority 2006) c) Drive economic growth (Denver International Airport 2009) d) Grow passenger numbers (City of Cleveland, Department of Port Control 2007; Denver International Airport 2009) e) Provide access to a high number of destinations and a high frequency of service (Denver International Airport 2009). This goal relates immediately to the primary objective of the airport described above. Airport management must also achieve a balance where sufficient infrastructure capacity exists for handling traffic while capacity is at the same time not over-built (Paul McKnight, Jacobs Consultancy 2009; Frank Berardino, GRA Inc 2009). Additionally, a key objective for airports is to maximize non-aeronautical revenues since that provides diversified revenues and allows for keeping usage charges to air carriers low, thereby potentially attracting more traffic (Chellie Cameron, MWAA 2009; Peter Stettler, Ricondo and Associates 2009; Seth Lehman and Emma Walker, Fitch Ratings 2009). 2) Provide high levels of customer service: This goal includes ensuring a good experience for both passengers and other customers (City of Cleveland, Department of Port Control 2007; Denver International Airport 2009; DFW Airport 2008; Hillsborough County Aviation Authority 2006). 3) Develop environmentally sustainable practices and minimize noise: This goal includes minimizing emissions, energy consumption, etc., within the airport (Denver International Airport 2009; City of Cleveland, Department of Port Control 2007). Some airports, such as Sea-Tac, are also beginning to expand their focus by considering greenhouse gas emissions not only from the airport-controlled operations but also from airlines and other tenants as well as the public (Port of Seattle, Sea-Tac Airport 2007). Related to this is the goal of minimizing airport-related noise (Neufville Odonin2003). 4) Develop high-performing employee teams: This goal relates to developing effective and skilled employees (City of Cleveland, Department of Port Control 2007; Denver International Airport 2009) and maximizing employee engagement (DFW Airport 2008). 5) Enhance competitive advantage: This goal includes providing competitive user rates and protecting the airport’s physical infrastructure (Denver International Airport 2009; City of Cleveland, Department of Port Control 2007). Some of these goals may be in competition with each other. For instance, the goal of maximizing non-aeronautical revenue can conflict with the goal of developing environmentally sustainability and providing a good experience for passengers: The latter two goals would be aided by promoting and developing access to public transportation access modes to the airport such as bus or rail. However, the goal of maximizing non-aeronautical revenue is better served by maximizing revenue-generation in the form of parking revenue from private vehicles. In such instances, airport management must balance the competing priorities in order to accomplish the goals of the airport. 6) Investors and Bond-Holders The majority of airport debt is of the general airport revenue bond (GARB) type. GARB means that the bond is backed by revenues generated from airport operations and not backed by any government funding source. The credit ratings agencies Moody’s, Standard and Poor’s, and Fitch Ratings participate in this system by assigning grades of investment quality to the airports’ bonds. The ratings agencies’ ratings affect the interest rates and terms of the bonds (Wells Young 2003). A large number of factors impact the bond ratings, including: 1) Historical and projected population growth 2) Historical and projected employment expansion and mix 3) Passenger growth 4) Airport utilization trends 5) Portion of origin and destination (OD) traffic 6) The importance of the facility to the overall US system of airports 7) Whether the airport is in a favorable geographic location (e.g. is it a natural hub location?) 8) Airfield capacity and attractiveness of facilities 9) Debt burden and carrying costs 10) Financial strength of carriers with a lot of connecting traffic, and their level of commitment to the airport 11) The role of the airport in the dominant carrier’s network 12) The level of legal flexibility for the airport to change the rates it charges air carriers 7) Concessionaires Airport concessionaires operate passenger services in terminal buildings and may include food and beverage services, retail services, and hotels. Concessions operators pay the airport organization a fixed annual fee and/or a percentage of gross revenues (Wells Young 2003). Considering the concessions operators’ objective of maximizing profits, the goals of the airport for these operators are deduced to be maximizing passenger volumes and minimizing the fees paid to the airport organization. 8) Service Providers The service providers are private operators that offer services to air carriers and general aviation users. Independent operators may supply these services (e.g. fixed-base operators, FBOs), but some of the services may also be provided by the airport operator, the airline itself, or by another airline. Services provided include (Neufville Odoni 2003): 1) Supply of aviation fuel and oil 2) Baggage handling and sorting 3) Loading and unloading of aircraft 4) Interior cleaning of aircraft 5) Toilet and water service 6) Passenger transport to/from remote stands 7) Catering transport 8) Routine inspection and maintenance of aircraft at the stands 9) Aircraft starting, marshalling, and parking 10) Aircraft de-icing 11) Passenger handling (e.g. ticketing and check-in) 12) Cargo and mail handling 13) Information services 14) Preparation of handling and load-control documents 15) Supervisory or administrative duties Similar to concessionaires, independent service providers pay a fee to the airport organization which is typically a percentage of gross revenues (Neufville Odoni 2003). In a parallel to concessionaires, service provider goals for the airport would include maximizing traffic volumes and minimizing the fees paid to the airport organization. 9) Employees The employee category includes both direct employees of the airports organization as well as employees of companies operating at the airport, such as concessions operators. Some employees are organized into unions, such as the Service Employees International Union (SEIU USW West 2009) and Unite Here (Unite Here 2009). The objective of the airport from the perspective of those unions is to provide secure jobs, wages, and benefits (Unite Here 2009). 10) Federal Government The federal government participates in the airport system in three different roles: As a bill-payer, as an operator, and as a regulator. Each of these roles will be addressed in this section. In terms of the government’s role as a bill payer for the system, the Airports Improvement Program (AIP) is administered by the FAA and its funding comes from the Airport and Airway Trust Fund, which in turn is funded by user fees and fuel taxes. AIP funds can be applied toward projects that support aircraft operations including runways, taxiways, aprons, noise abatement, land purchase, and safety, emergency or snow removal equipment. In order to be eligible for AIP funding, airports must be part of the National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems (NPIAS), which imposes requirements on the airport for legal and financial compliance (Wells Young 2003). The NPIAS has two goals: To ensure that airports are able to accommodate the growth in travel and to keep airports up to standards for the aircraft that use them (FAA 2008). The government’s role as airport operators includes three different agencies: 1) FAA: The FAA is the operator of ramp, ground, local, and departure/arrival air traffic control services (United States Code of Federal Regulations 2010). 2) Transportation Security Administration (TSA): The TSA provides passenger and baggage security screening services. The TSA states that it is the goal for its baggage screening operations to screen for explosives and other dangerous items while maximizing efficiency (Transportation Security Administration 2009). This can be translated to state that it is the goal for the airport to ensure secure transportation of people and goods while minimizing the impact of security measures on legitimate travelers and goods. 3) Customs and Border Protection (CBP): The CBP is responsible for operating passport control and customs inspections at international airports. The CBP states that it is its mission to protect â€Å"our nation’s borders from terrorism, human and drug smuggling, illegal migration, and agricultural pests while simultaneously facilitating the flow of legitimate travel and trade† (Customs and Border Protection 2009). Just as for the TSA, this can be translated to state that it is the goal for the airport to ensure secure transportation of people and goods while minimizing the impact of security measures on legitimate travelers and goods. Lastly, the federal government is a regulator of the airports system. Airports that are included in the NPIAS are subject to a number of federal regulations that are enforced by the FAA and the Transportation Security Administration. The regulations apply to both the airport infrastructure as well as to service providers within the airport systems. The purpose of these rules is to ensure the safe and efficient operations of public-use airports (Wells Young 2003). 11) Local Government US airports are with few exceptions not private, profitmaking enterprises. Instead, airports are typically owned and operated by public entities such as cities, counties, or local airport authorities (Neufville Odoni 2003). For instance, Washington’s Dulles and National airports are owned and operated by the Metropolitan Washington Airport’s Authority (MWAA). The MWAA is officially a body independent of the local government but its board is appointed by the Governor of Virginia, the Mayor of the District of Columbia, the Governor of Maryland and the President of the United States). Similarly, Newark, LaGuardia, JFK, Stewart International, and Teterboro airports in metropolitan New York City are owned by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey (The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey 2009). Dallas-Fort Worth Airport is jointly owned by the City of Dallas and the City of Forth Worth (DFW Airport 2009). The government owners in the form of city and local governments are represented by an airport board which is responsible for the strategic direction of the airport and for appointing airport management (Wells Young 2003). The local government is supported in an advisory role by federally funded Metropolitan Planning Organizations (MPOs) who are charged with assisting in planning for aviation and other transportation infrastructure for the local region (Association of Metropolitan Planning Organizations 2010). State and local government also contribute as bill-payers for capital improvement projects (Airports Council International North America 2009). The objectives of the airport from the point of view of the local government is representative of those of the local community it represents and involves both maximizing its positive effects while minimizing its negative effects. One form of positive impact of the airport is in the shape of economic effects. There is significant literature on the economic impact of airports. However, many studies are sponsored by the airports authorities themselves, making them more political than analytical. Although there may be no definitive measure of the economic impact of airports, a structure for the types of impacts of airports to their regional communities has proposed (Button Stough 2000): 1) Short-term impact from construction, expansion, and renovation of airports 2) Sustained impact in the form of jobs at the airport (direct impact) and off-airport jobs that result from the â€Å"multiplier effect† of the income generated by employees at the airport 3) Stimulus of the local economy as a result of firms and individuals having air transportation services at their disposal 4) Spurring other economic development by crossing thresholds for economies of scale, scope, and density. The authors note that this last form of impact is very difficult to quantify. COMMUNICATION PLAN Communication Objectives The objective of this strategic communications plan is to serve as a road map for how communications will be done between members of the project team as well as the stakeholders.. This plan comprises objectives, strategies and tactics for how team correspondence will be performed between each facet of the project team.. Works Cited Kurt Krummenacker, Moodys, 2009. Interview of Kurt Krummenacker, Moodys, by David Schaar, George Mason University. Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority, 2009. Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority, Facts. Available at: http://www.mwaa.com/about_the_authority/facts [Accessed October 15, 2012]. Neufville, R.D. Odoni, A.R., 2003. Airport systems, McGraw-Hill Professional. Port of Seattle, Sea-Tac Airport, 2007. Port of Seattle,Seattle-Tacoma International Airport,Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory 2006, Sarkis, J., 2000. An analysis of the operational efficiency of major airports in the United States. Journal of Operations Management, 18(3), 335-351. Sarkis, J. Talluri, S., 2004. Performance based clustering for benchmarking of US airports. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 38(5), 329-346. Schap, D., 1986. Municipal ownership in the electric utility industry, Praeger. SEIU USW West, 2009. SEIU USW West About Us. Available at: http://www.seiu-usww.org/about/Default.aspx [Accessed October 16, 2012]. Smith, D.M., 1979. Where the grass is greener, Taylor Francis. The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, 2009. Overview of Facilities and Services About the Port Authority. Available at: http://www.panynj.gov/about/facilities-services.html [Accessed October 18, 2012]. Transportation Security Administration, 2009. Transportation Security Administration What We Do. Available at: http://www.tsa.gov/what_we_do/index.shtm [Accessed October 16, 2012]. Unite Here, 2009. Unite Here. Available at: http://www.unitehere.org/about/airports.php [Accessed October 16, 2012]. United States Code of Federal Regulations, 2010. Title 14,Part 91. Available at: [Accessed February 5, 2010]. Upham, P.J., 2003. Towards sustainable aviation,Earthscan. US-Citizens Aviation Watch, 2009. US-Citizens AviationWatch. Available at: http://www.us-caw.org/ [Accessed October 16, 2012]. Wells, A.T. Young, S.B., 2003. Airport planning management, McGraw-Hill Professional. White, E.T., 1976. Utilities, Dept. of Defense, National Defense University, Industrial College of the Armed Forces. Wolfe, H.P. NewMyer, D.A., 1985. Aviation industry regulation, SIU Press.

Significant Impacts Of Iron Smelting Environmental Sciences Essay

Significant Impacts Of Iron Smelting Environmental Sciences Essay After having a clear idea about the project and its effects according to my considerations the following impacts are very important. The impacts are listed in the order of their importance:- AIR QUALITY The air pollution that will be caused by the plants is the biggest issue to be considered. The coke making process involved is responsible for large amount of VOCs (Volatile organic compounds) and carbon monoxide emissions. Further the working of blast furnace and the processes of casting and rolling are responsible for significant releases of nitrogen oxides and sulphur oxides. The use of heavy diesel equipments, generators and vehicle movement will also contribute to air pollution. As the region experiences moderate winds the pollutants will be carried to the surrounding areas increasing the pollution to a large extent. It will adversely affect the local vegetation, surrounding grasslands and the native assai palm trees. The local temperature will also increase due to the industrial activity and decrease in vegetation. The greatest risk is on the local population which is already facing health problems and the cattle farming in the surrounding areas. The mitigation measures to be u sed for controlling the air pollution are not adequate for such a large project and require reconsideration. Classification of impact: LT, IR, D,(-), L and R. WATER QUALITY The Pequia River is the main source of water for the local population for drinking, cooking and other recreational activities. The waste water generated from the plants have large amount of contaminants, that require effective removal and treatment before it is disposed into the water body. The water quality of the Piquia River will be affected by the disposal of high temperature waste water from the ovens containing large amount of chemical compounds discharged into it. The soil in the area is permeable and has good drainage properties. These characteristics will allow the flow of solid wastes dumped at a site to flow into the ground water and the river along with the rain water. Thus, contaminating the ground water and the river water. No proper measures have been observed in the plan for calculating the quantity of waste water that will be discharged into the river. Moreover, it is being assumed that the palm trees on the river are good purifiers but they wonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t be affective if the pollution will be of such a large extent. Classification of impact: LT, IR, D, (-) and L. HEALTH OF LOCAL POPULATION The health problems caused by the iron smelting plant are inevitable. The emission of poisonous gases like nitrogen oxide, sulphur oxide, carbon monoxide etc poses a serious threat to the health of the people of Pequia. These gases can cause many problems like asthma, skin infection, damage to eyes and even cancer in some cases. Fine particles suspended in the air in the vicinity of the plant can cause respiratory problems to the workers. The area covered by air pollution will increase if the winds start blowing thus affecting even more population in the surrounding areas. The noise and vibrations caused by the heavy machinery can cause hearing problems if proper measures are not taken by the workers. Moreover, the mitigation measures like using tree belt as a sound barrier is not effective in case of such a large industry. The Pequia village is already facing problems regarding health due to contamination of the water which will be further aggravated due to disposal of waste water c ontaining fine ore and charcoal into the river. There will always be a danger of accident at the plant and it can cause unpredictable impact on the population surrounding it. Classification of impact: LT, R, D, (-) and L. INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT Due to the growing demand of the iron both the plants are designed to produce pig-iron for the steel plants and foundries. The initial estimate is to produce 50,000 tons per year with a future plan to expand it to 100,000 tons per year. The primary objective of the plants is to export the pig iron to the international market, with national steel plants consuming a great part of the production. This will help to improve the economy of the country and the boost the industrial development of the area. As stated in the document industrial development in the area is the major goal of the Federal Government and is a part of a collaborative effort by the Carajas railway and Carajas mining project. The plants will draw in some new industry in the surrounding area and help in creation of more jobs. But this proposal can be shifted to some other site where it will bring the same industrial development but will have less severe impacts on the local habitat and the environment. Classification of impact: LT, IR, D and ID, (+), L and R. INCREASE JOB DEMAND The development of the iron smelting plants in the area will create a large number of jobs for the local and the regional population and he people will be involved both directly and indirectly. According to the plan each plant will employ 200 workers from the village and specialized training will be given. It will help to improve the living standards of the population which otherwise earn their living by commerce of milk, small shops and some odd jobs. But this will not be a very significant impact compared to the above impacts because only a small section of the population will be employed. The majority of population will still deal with cattle farming and vegetation and these will be adversely affected by the industrial plants. Classification of impact: LT, D and ID, IR, (+), L and R. To conclude, the project will have severe adverse effects on the environment of the area and will degrade the air quality and the quality of water in the Pequia River. The emissions are more severe than what is predicted in the plan and measures taken are not adequate. Moreover, the proposal does not include any effective mitigation measures for the noise pollution control and waste material that will be added to the river. So, the plant should not come up at the proposed location and a new site should be proposed where it will have less severe environmental impacts.